- Masters in EU Law & Management, Leicester University, England 2001
Supervisor: Professor Jeff Kenner
- Doctorat (PhD) in Applied Linguistics, Université de Paris 7, France 1992
Supervisor: Professor Antoine Culioli
- Post-graduate Degree in Teaching EFL & MFL, Moray House School of Education, Edinburgh University, 1979
- Joint Masters in French/International Relations, Aberdeen University, Scotland 1977
Minors in Italian & Politics