- Masters in EU Law & Management, Leicester University, England 2001
Supervisor: Professor Jeff Kenner
- Doctorat (PhD) in Applied Linguistics, Université de Paris 7, France 1992
Supervisor: Professor Antoine Culioli
- Post-graduate Teaching Degree in EFL & Linguistics, Moray House School of Education, Edinburgh University, 1979
Joint Masters in French/International Relations, Aberdeen University, Scotland 1977
with Minors in Italian & Politics